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採購須知:有關中國製造的保證問題
Global SourcesUpdated on 2023/12/01
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最近，我的律師事務所替一位客人預備一份和中國製造商合作的合約。這位客人向我們其中一位專責國際製造事務的律師（international manufacturing lawyer）諮詢，問在製造協議（Manufacturing Agreement ）中應該加入甚麼保證條款。我們的律師電郵回覆如下：
保證問題分為兩方面：
第一，產品在準備交付時出現問題的保證；
第二，產品使用後出現問題的保證。
讓我分別說明。
首先是產品在準備交付時出現問題的保證。這在中國大陸有三種常見的選擇：
保證選項一：
- 製造商保證產品符合客戶的要求；
- 產品從中國大陸出口前先進行檢查；
- 如果發現產品出現問題，常見的程序包括：
1. 不會運送那些產品。在某些情況下，那些產品會銷毀。在您的個案中，那些產品或會回收重用。
2. 鑑於產品存在問題，未能完成客戶訂購的數量，那麼有兩種可能的回應：
- 減少訂單上的產品數量。有多少產品有問題，便減多少。
- 製造商需要在一定的時間內補足原有的訂單差額。
保證選項一是比較好的選擇。
保證選項二：
您在美國檢查產品，在此之前毋須付款。採用這種方法的話，要在指定時間內完成檢查程序，通常是六十天。如果發現產品有問題，會採用保證選項一內丙項的方法。這是大型零售商會採用的方法。
可是，在大多數情況下，中國製造商會要求客戶在一定的時間內訂購一定的產品數量，才會同意採用這個選項。如果是「按採購訂單」的購買協議（編按：即沒有訂購的數量保證），他們通常不會同意採用這個選項。
保證選項三：
您在美國檢查產品，但是在運送前已付款。出現這種情況的話，大體程序如下：
1. 製造商保證產品符合客戶的要求；
2. 買家有三十天的檢查期限。如果發現產品有問題，買家可獲得信用額 （credit），待將來採購時用。廠方不會維修、更換及為有問題的產品作出現金退款。
雖然有很多可能出現的變化，不過在中國大陸用「按採購訂單」訂貨的合約，大多會採用上述這個選項。採用這個選項的問題是您必須再次向同一家製造商訂購產品，否則您根本無法使用您的信用額。這代表您被迫再次向那間曾經製造有問題產品的公司再次下單。但是，如果您在檢查貨品前已付款，到目前為止，再沒有比這更好的解決方法了。
接著是產品使用後出現問題的保證。
中國大陸的工廠大多不會提供售後保證。換言之，中國製造商認為客戶必須自行負責檢查貨品有沒有問題；如果有的話，那也是這樣了。近來，美國公司提出增加以下的額外保證條款：
1. 一年或兩年保證期；
2. 中國工廠作出維修或更換產品的保證。買家可選擇不從中國大陸廠方收取現金，並得到下一次訂購產品的信用額；
3. 如果超過3%的產品出現問題，可視為產品出現重大瑕疵（epidemic failure）。在這種情況下，廠方需要修理及更換產品外，亦需為買家因此所承擔的所有開支負責。
雖然很多中國大陸的工廠都同意上述額外保證條款，但是他們鮮有履行承諾。
由此可見，中國大陸的保證法頗複雜，大部分程序取決於付款條件和檢查地點。
關於作者
Dan Harris對在新興市場中與經商有關的法律事務精熟，是國際公認的權威。《福布斯》、《商業周刊》、《財富》、BBC、《華爾街日報》、《華盛頓郵報》、《經濟學人》、CNBC、《紐約時報》和許多其他主流媒體都向他尋求關於國際法問題的看法。
這篇文章（英文版）最初在China Law Blog刊登，經作者許可轉載。今再譯為中文版刊登於此。
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